KrakenOS
Manual
Provisional Manual
Installation And Prerequisites
Basic installation paths
Running the layout editor
Manual source
Core Model: Surfaces And Systems
Surface attributes
System methods and state
Glass catalogs
Classes and Attributes
Table 1 —
surf
class attributes
Table 2 —
system
class implementations and attributes
Working with the KrakenOS Library
3.1 Ray generation
3.2 Extraction of ray information
3.3 Generation of the optical system graph
Raykeeper introspection
Parax Tool
PupilCalc Tool
Pupil parameters
Automatic ray generation
5.1 Atmospheric refraction in PupilCalc
Pupil Patterns (Source Model: Pupil / field)
2D Pattern Versus 3D Scene Launch
Meridional fan
Cross fan
Fan X
Fan Y
Hexapolar
Square
Random disk
Chief ray
R-theta
Summary
Analysis Tools (Layout Editor Toolbar)
Symbol conventions
Shared setup for the code examples
Using analyses as optimization targets
Why each analysis matters and when to target it
Conflicting objectives — what you give up
Worked case studies: from a poor start to best
Geometric image quality
Spot — Spot Diagram
RMS — RMS Spot Radius
PSF — Point Spread Function
MTF — Modulation Transfer Function
Pupil and wavefront
Pupil — Pupil Diagnostic
Seidel — Seidel Aberrations
WFront — Wavefront Analysis
Zernike — Zernike Polynomial Fit
Field-dependent metrics
FC/Dist — Field Curvature / Distortion
Illum — Relative Illumination
LatClr — Lateral Color
Pol — Polarization
Atmos — Atmospheric Dispersion
Map analyses on the detector / pupil
PSFMap — Point Spread Function Map
FldMap — Field Map
IllMap — Illumination Map
WfeMap — Wavefront Error Map
DetMap — Detector Power Map
CohDet — Coherent Detector Field Sum
BField — Branch Field
Diffr — Diffraction Detector
Comparative analyses
Interf — Interferogram
TolCmp — Tolerance Compare
Cross-reference table
Captured USAF-1951 MTF
Method
Python API
Command line
Measurement limits
Editable Table Workflow
Loading versus inserting
Insertion point
Surface and element clipboard
Surface right-click menu
Compact prescription columns
Optimization cell marker
Tolerance Monte Carlo report
Prisms and cube beam splitters
Tilt and decenter tolerance overlays
Validation
Non-Sequential-First Design Goals
Goal 1: non-sequential tracing is the native model
Goal 2: 3D tracing is authoritative; 2D is only a slice
Goal 3: object and illumination source are separate scene entities
Goal 4: every surface interaction obeys physics law
Implementation checklist
Tracing And Ray Data
Scene-first UI model
2D slices, 3D scenes, and CAD envelopes
Sequential tracing special case
Non-sequential tracing
Scene source records
Launch sampling metadata
Scene target records
Possible next scene workflows
Optical STL prism check
Face-role metadata check
Face-anchor snap-to-ray check
Face-fit placement check
Path-frame face-fit check
Virtual internal plane check
Optical-solid hit-sequence check
Raykeeper data
Inspect Ray / Surface Physics
Multicore and batch tracing
Zemax Rayfile Sources
Import workflow
Ray sampling
Example saved layout source record
Validation
Current limitations
Beam-splitter imaging example
Pupil, Paraxial, And Analysis Tools
Paraxial tool
PupilCalc
Atmospheric refraction
Wavefront and aberration tools
Zemax Wavefront Map comparison
Image-quality maps
Gaussian Beam Propagation
Beam fundamentals
Complex beam parameter and ABCD transformation
Input conventions
Datasheet diameter/divergence flow
Report columns
Astigmatic and elliptical beams
Phase 8 branch-field propagation
Phase 8B oblique astigmatic q baseline
Cavity eigenmode flow
UI workflow
Folded laser scanner example
Python example
Scope and limitations
Source-mode field relevance
Beam Splitters
Terminology
Current capability
Split modes
UI workflow
Path workflow tutorial
Two-path doublet example
Manual path assignment
Path Workbench workflow
Separate source and object status
Right-angle illumination example
Michelson detector/interferogram workflow
Twyman-Green example
Mach-Zehnder example
Automatic path graph
Saved metadata
Python example
Internal branch data
Path throughput report
Path-filtered detector analyses
Concrete DetMap examples
Path-analysis validation fixture
Phase 2 source and path workflow
Resizing a cube beam splitter (coupled cross-section)
Recovering the 45° coating as a selectable face
Future tilted/folded/non-sequential Gaussian optics
Diffuse And BRDF Scattering
Surface Type
Guided Target Sampling
Examples
pySCATMECH Optional Backend
Lens Fabrication Drawings
Surface Property Workflow
Supported Fields
Example In A Layout File
Reference Behaviour
Display And Viewers
2D display
Lens drawing PDF export
3D display
CAD/STL optical solids
Placement workflow
STEP and CAD overlays
Handling the 3D Viewer
Quick Estimation (object / image / FOV)
The design flow
Two readings of the same move
Right-click actions
Graphical FOV solve (double-click a plane)
Variable-thickness solve (Best Focus / Best Collimation)
Sensor coverage and recommended sensor
Forbidden values
Validation
Responsive STEP Handling Architecture
Problem Statement
Current Kraken Bottleneck
What CadQuery Shows
Target Architecture
Interaction Rules
Expected Improvement
Implementation Plan
Recommended Immediate Next Step
Manual Example Inventory
Appendix — Examples
7.1 Example — Ray
7.2 Example — Perfect Lens
7.3 Example — Doublet Lens 3D Color
7.4 Example — Doublet Lens Tilt
7.5 Example — Doublet Lens (Paraxial Calculations)
7.6 Example — Doublet Lens Tilt Nulls
7.7 Example — Doublet Lens NonSec
7.8 Example — Doublet Lens Zernike
7.9 Example — Doublet Lens Tilt NonSec
7.10 Example — Doublet Lens Pupil
7.11 Example — Doublet Lens Commands System
7.12 Example — Doublet Lens Pupil + Seidel
7.13 Example — Doublet Lens Cylinder
7.14 Example — Axicon
7.15 Example — Axicon and Cylinder
7.16 Example — Flat Mirror 45 Deg
7.17 Example — Parabolic Mirror Shift
7.18 Example — Diffraction Grating in Transmission
7.19 Example — Diffraction Grating in Reflection
7.20 Example — Tel 2M Spyder Spot Diagram
7.21 Example — Tel 2M Spyder Spot, M2 Tilt
7.22 Example — Tel 2M Pupila
7.23 Example — Tel 2M Error Map
7.24 Example — Tel 2M Wavefront Fitting
7.25 Example — Tel 2M STL Image Slicer
7.26 Example — Tel 2M Atmospheric-Refraction Corrector
7.27 Example — ExtraShape Micro Lens Array
7.28 Example — ExtraShape Radial Sine
7.29 Example — ExtraShape XY Cosines
7.30 Example — MultiCore
7.31 Example — Solid Objects STL Array
7.32 Example — Source Distribution Function
References
Tutorials
Tutorials And Case Studies
Case Study 1: Turn A Glass Plate Into A 100 mm PCX Lens
Goal
Build The Starting Plate
Make The Front Surface Variable
Set The EFFL Target
Place The Image Plane Correctly
Workflow A: solve image distance after EFFL
Workflow B: optimize EFFL and focus together
What The User Should See
Common Mistakes
Case Study 2: Focus A Finite Machine-Vision Lens
Goal
Load The Finite Lens
Make A Bad First Analysis
Choose The Right Variable
Run The Focus Solve
Workflow A: best-focus solve
Workflow B: general optimizer
Verify The Improvement
Check The Wide Field
What This Proves
Common Mistakes
Case Study 3: PYRITE 85 mm Machine-Vision Surrogate
What The Surrogate Is
Vendor STEP Overlay
Default UI Settings
How The Blackbox Is Built
Rendered Layout
Known Limits
Validation
Case Study 4: AZURE ELS-85 mm Machine-Vision Surrogate
What The Surrogate Is
Vendor STEP Overlay
Default UI Settings
How The Blackbox Is Built
Rendered Layout
Known Limits
Validation
Case Study 4b: AZURE ELS-85 mm On A Right-Angle Mirror
A Promoted STEP Mirror, Not A Sequential Mirror Row
The Conjugate And Prescription
What Is In The Layout
Rendered Layout
Validation
Case Study 4: PYRITE 120 mm Machine-Vision Surrogate
What The Surrogate Is
Vendor STEP Overlay
Default UI Settings
How The Blackbox Is Built
Rendered Layout
Known Limits
Validation
Case Study 5: Gaussian Laser Beam Expander
Goal
Load The Laser Line
Back-Calculated Waist
Insert A 3x Keplerian Expander
Verify The Expanded Beam
Run BField Analysis
What This Proves
Common Mistakes
Case Study 6: Michelson Beam Splitter And Interferogram
Goal
Load The Michelson Layout
Read The Path Labels
Use Path View
Run Detector Analyses
Show The Interferogram
Run Branch Field
What This Proves
Common Mistakes
Case Study 7: Mach-Zehnder Two-Output Interferometer
Goal
Load The Mach-Zehnder Layout
Read The Path Labels
Use Path View For Each Output
Run Detector Analyses
Show The Interferogram
Run Branch Field
Check The Return Output
What This Proves
Common Mistakes
Case Study 8: Source/Object Split Through A Beam Splitter
Goal
Load The Layout
Read The Physical Paths
Use Path View
Audit Source Illumination
Run The Camera Detector Map
Run The Python Example
What This Proves
Common Mistakes
Case Study 9: Zemax LED Source To Diffuse Object Imaging
Goal
Load The Layout
Read The Scatter Paths
Use Path View
Inspect Diffuse / BRDF Settings
Audit Source Illumination
Run Image-Plane Analyses
Run The Python Example
What This Proves
Common Mistakes
Case Study 10: Multi-Source Illumination
Goal
Load The Layout
Read The Layout
Inspect Scene Sources
Audit Per-Source Throughput
Run Detector Analyses
Run The Python Example
What This Proves
Common Mistakes
Case Study 11: Tolerance Monte Carlo And Compensators
Goal
Load The Native-Variable Layout
Choose Tolerance Roles
Run Monte Carlo
Compare The Worst Sample
Plot The Worst-Sample Spot Overlay
Read The Stack-Up Bars
Run Compensator Sweeps
Check MTF Impact
Run The Python Example
What This Proves
Common Mistakes
Case Study 12: Optical STL Prism And Face Roles
Goal
Load The Optical STL Prism
Read The 2D Trace
Assign Optical Faces
Inspect Mesh Readiness
Verify The Trace Sequence
Run The Python Examples And Validators
What This Proves
Common Mistakes
Case Study 13: Cube Beam Splitter CAD And Virtual Plane
Goal
Load Or Import The Cube Body
Observe The Passive CAD Trace
Assign External Faces And Build A Virtual Plane
Read The Virtual Plane Report
Use The Primitive For Splitter Physics Today
Check Mesh Readiness
Run The Validators
What This Proves
Common Mistakes
Case Study 14: Vendor Prism CAD Import And Face Placement
Goal
Bundled Vendor Files
Load The Vendor CAD Prism
Set Source Divergence
Inspect The Converted Mesh
Assign Optical Face Roles
Understand Side Labels, Axis Fits, And Optical Functions
Examples From
penta.py
Orient From The Input Face
Off-Center Entrance Points
Read The Fitted Layout
Chain Another Prism After A Folded Path
Roll Reference Faces
Single-Face Fold Mirrors
Run The Validators
What This Proves
Common Mistakes
Case Study 15: Multi-Element Lens PDF Drawing Export
Goal
Input The Surface Table
Input Drawing Properties
Export The PDF
Run The Validator
What This Proves
Important Limitation
Case Study 16: 3D Hardware Alignment Workflows
Goal
Open The 3D Inspector
Use The CAD/STL Placement Handler
Read Active-Mode Badges
Rotate Imported STEP Hardware
Carry Imported STEP Freely
Pick Source Targets From 3D
What This Proves
Common Mistakes
Case Study 17: Cooke Triplet Optimization From A Bad Start
Goal
Load The Poor Triplet
Make The Bad Analysis
Understand The Variables
Apply The Optimized Prescription
Verify The Improvement
What This Proves
Common Mistakes
Case Study 18: One Lens, Many Analyses
Goal
Load The Analysis Layout
Spot: Check Geometric Focus
PSF: Convert Samples Into Image Intensity
MTF: Read Contrast Versus Spatial Frequency
Wavefront: Inspect Pupil Phase
Zernike: Decompose The Wavefront
What This Proves
Case Study 19: Galvo F-Theta Laser Scanner
Goal
Load The Preset
Read The Rows
Use The Galvo Scan Overlay
Check The Scan Plane
Validate The F-Theta Lens Alone
Why This Is Non-Sequential-First
Common Checks
What This Proves
Optiland-Inspired Case Study Port Backlog
Purpose
Already Covered In Current KrakenOS UI Docs
High-Value Ports
Deferred Or Research-Oriented Ports
Recommended Next Port
Knowledge Base
Knowledge Base
Rules of Thumb — Optics, Imaging, Laser
How to use this page
Section 1 — Geometric / paraxial optics
1.1 Thin-lens imaging equation
1.2 f-number, aperture cone and diffraction limit
1.3 Working f-number for finite conjugates
1.4 Two thin lenses in series
1.5 Macro 2f rule (1:1 imaging)
1.6 Snell’s law and total internal reflection
Section 2 — Imaging system rules
2.1 Angle of view and sensor format
2.2 Depth of field
2.3 Hyperfocal distance
2.4 Diffraction & resolution
2.5 Pixel sampling and the Nyquist limit
Section 3 — Lasers and Gaussian beams
3.1 Waist, Rayleigh range, divergence
3.2 Focused spot of a Gaussian beam
3.3 Two-mirror cavity stability
3.4 Power density and damage
3.5 Coherence and bandwidth
Section 4 — Cross-cutting design heuristics
Section 5 — Where to go next
Finding the Cardinal Points and Pupils by Ray Tracing
Drawing conventions
1. The six cardinal points
2. Locating
\(F'\)
and
\(P'\)
3. Locating
\(F\)
and
\(P\)
4. Nodal points
\(N, N'\)
5. Aperture stop, EP and XP
6. Chief and marginal rays — the operational definition
7. Putting it all together
Pupil Sampling — A Lecture on Where the Rays Go
1. What makes a sampler “good”?
2. The equal-area mapping
3. Section fans — when one dimension is enough
4. Hexapolar — equal-area rings
5. Square grid — when the detector decides
6. Random disk — the Monte-Carlo baseline
7. The Vogel / golden-angle spiral
Definition
Why the golden angle?
Why optical designers care
8. From disk to hemisphere — Lambertian and lobe scattering
9. KrakenOS code map
10. Choosing in practice
Further reading
Introduction To Fundamental Lens Design
Why “Lens Families” Exist
Photographic Lens Families
The Double Gauss
Tessar
Sonnar
Cooke Triplet
Retrofocus (Inverted Telephoto)
Telephoto
Petzval
Modern Aspheric / Floating-Element Designs
Photographic Family Summary
Machine Vision Lens Families
Fixed-Focal-Length (FFL) Industrial Lenses
Retrofocus On Large Sensors
Telecentric Lenses
Fixed-Magnification Macro / Inspection Lenses
Line-Scan Lenses
Spectrally Specialized Lenses
Machine Vision Family Summary
Photography vs. Machine Vision: Side by Side
Reading A Prescription In KrakenOS
Further Reading
Deriving the Axially Symmetric Aberration Polynomial
Geometry and convention
Why this is the complete starting point
First-order terms
Third order: the five Seidel terms
Fifth order: constructing every allowed angular term
The displayed seventh-order term
The assembled equations
Sanity checks
Using the polynomial with KrakenOS
Sub-Pixel Hot-Spot Detection in IR Imaging
The mixing model
A worked numerical example
Why visible-light imaging cannot pull this trick
The PSF assist
What can break the claim
Bottom line: detection vs. characterization
Machine-Vision Camera and Lens EOL Qualification
Camera Replacement Qualification
Objectives and release criteria
Required equipment and fixtures
Camera test summary
Detailed experiments and pass/fail rules
Camera report checklist
Lens Replacement Qualification
Objectives and release criteria
Required equipment and fixtures
Lens test summary
Detailed experiments and pass/fail rules
Lens report checklist
Decision principles
Roles and controlled records
Define requirements and budgets
Baseline, samples, and comparison configurations
Baseline selection
Minimum comparison matrix
Sampling plan
Common test setup and conditions
Controlled optical bench
Default laboratory controls
Acceptance model
Qualification stages and release gates
Special diagnostic: apparent colour aberration after pixel-size change
Data package and expected outputs
Reference methods
Laser Design Engineer Interview Guide
What an interviewer is testing
Recommended preparation order
Role-Specific Interview Playbook
DUV Laser Integration and Qualification
Laser Theory Essentials
Resonators and Gaussian Beams
Solid-State Laser Design
Diode-Pumped Solid-State Laser Engineering
Beam Quality: Specify, Measure, and Interpret
Laser-Induced Damage Engineering
Hands-On Alignment, Measurement, and Debugging
Worked Interview Design Case
Interview Questions and Answer Frameworks
Source Map and Further Reading
STEP Overlay Promotion — Tiers and 2D/3D Parity
Why three tiers
Tier 1 — STEP overlay
Tier 2 — STL optical-solid row
Tier 3 — Native analytic rows
Saved Tier 2 rows with a source STEP path
Flipping a Tier-3 lens: why it’s not a rotation
2D ↔ 3D row-action parity
Handle eligibility — the predicate that gates the rotation rings
Validation contract
Slide along the optical axis
Resizing an imported solid (drag a face)
Off-beam promoted solids are display-only
Diagnosing “my promoted lens does not refract”
Known follow-ups
Folded Coaxial Illumination — Projection Physics and the MV-150
Keep these five quantities separate
General rule for an ideal planar fold
Derivation by normal and tangential components
Case 1 — underfilled square bundle
Case 2 — underfilled circular bundle
Case 3 — overfilled square bundle
Case 4 — overfilled circular bundle
External and internal reflection
The actual MV-150 beam-splitter geometry
Reported physical MV-150 camera result — approximately 35 × 39 mm bright
What the latest full KrakenOS recording shows—and does not show
The MV-150 source is Lambertian, not collimated
How to predict dark edges generally
KrakenOS descriptor semantics and the legacy MV-150 approximation
Worked Exercise Solutions
Worked Exercise Solutions
Understanding Lasers
Understanding Lasers: Chapter 1 Quiz
Source
Quick answers
1. Where the word
laser
came from
2. The incorrect statement about light
3. The most common lasers
4. The emission process used by a laser
5. The active emitter in ruby
6. Why the name
diode
laser
is used
7. Heat from a 1%-efficient laser
8. Heat from a 25%-efficient laser
9. The result of a stable phase relationship
10. Personal laser inventory
What this quiz established
Understanding Lasers: Chapter 2 Quiz
Quick answers
Worked reasoning
Understanding Lasers: Chapter 3 Quiz
Quick answers
Worked reasoning
Understanding Lasers: Chapter 4 Quiz
Quick answers
Worked reasoning
Understanding Lasers: Chapter 5 Quiz
Quick answers
Worked reasoning
Understanding Lasers: Chapter 6 Quiz
Quick answers
Worked reasoning
Understanding Lasers: Chapter 7 Quiz
Quick answers
Worked reasoning
Understanding Lasers: Chapter 8 Quiz
Quick answers
Worked reasoning
Understanding Lasers: Chapter 9 Quiz
Quick answers
Worked reasoning
Understanding Lasers: Chapter 10 Quiz
Quick answers
Worked reasoning
Understanding Lasers: Chapter 11 Quiz
Quick answers
Worked reasoning
Understanding Lasers: Chapter 12 Quiz
Quick answers
Worked reasoning
Understanding Lasers: Chapter 13 Quiz
Quick answers
Worked reasoning
Understanding Lasers: Chapter 14 Quiz
Quick answers
Worked reasoning
Introduction to Laser Diode-Pumped Solid State Lasers
Chapter 3: Pump, Rod, and Resonator Design
The energy-to-power conversion
Two 40 W end-pump arrays
Scheps Section 3.2.2: laser-rod specifications
Brewster-angle resonator: does the output power fall?
Local references for this design choice
Meaning of low threshold and high slope efficiency
Scaling rules
Photonics Essentials: Worked Problems
Photonics Essentials: From Diffusion Current to Equation 3.5
Source
Question
The small-slab picture
Step 1: A concentration gradient produces diffusion
Step 2: Apply carrier conservation to a thin slab
Step 3: Add generation and recombination
Step 4: Substitute the diffusion current
Why it is second order
Unit check
Steady-state Equation 3.6
Source correction
Continue interactively
Photonics Essentials: Detector Operating Modes and Camera Pixels
Source
The two modes in Section 3.3
Why photovoltage is nonlinear
What mode does a camera pixel use?
CMOS and CCD readout
Where camera response becomes nonlinear
Continue interactively
Photonics Essentials: Chapter 3 Interactive Physics Lab
Interactive curve explorer
Curves and equations
Python physics engine
Live Jupyter kernel
Silicon absorption with and without surface reflection
Silicon slab and 1100 nm LED
Photonics Essentials: Chapter 2 Problems
Source
Quick results
Worked solutions
Photonics Essentials: Chapter 3 Problems
Source
Quick results
Worked solutions
Photonics Essentials: Chapter 4 Problems
Source
Worked solutions
Photonics Essentials: Chapter 5 Problems
Source
Worked solutions
Photonics Essentials: Chapter 6 Problems
Source
Worked solutions
Photonics Essentials: Chapter 7 Problems
Source
Worked solutions
Photonics Essentials: Chapter 8 Problems
Source
Worked solutions
Photonics Essentials: Chapter 9 Problems
Source
Worked solutions
Photonics Essentials: Chapter 10 Problems
Source
Worked solutions
Photonics Essentials: Chapter 11 Questions
Source
Why does laser spectrum depend on current?
How does slit width affect mode resolution?
How would a calibrated detector array help?
Fundamentals of Photonics
Mathematical Formula Reference
Algebra and dimensional checks
Product, quotient, and chain rules
Stationary-value condition
Optical path and Fermat’s principle
Trigonometry and small-angle formulas
Solid angle and circular cones
Exponentials, logarithms, and complex phasors
Integration identities
Fourier transform, convolution, and correlation
Matrices, determinants, and eigenvalues
Vector-calculus identities
Common differential equations
Probability, expectation, and variance
Power, intensity, and decibels
Verification methods
KrakenOS Formula and Code Map
How to read the map
Coverage by chapter
Chapter 1: ray optics
Chapters 2 and 3: waves, gratings, and Gaussian beams
Chapter 4: Fourier optics and image quality
Chapters 5 and 6: materials and polarization
Chapters 10 and 18: cavity and detector helpers
Reverse audit: KrakenOS code outside this textbook
A short code-to-book workflow
Limits of this cross-reference
Part I — Fundamentals
Chapter 1: Ray Optics
Chapter 2: Wave Optics
Chapter 3: Beam Optics
Chapter 4: Fourier Optics
Chapter 5: Electromagnetic Optics
Chapter 6: Polarization Optics
Part II — Wave Propagation
Chapter 7: Photonic-Crystal Optics
Chapter 8: Guided-Wave Optics
Chapter 9: Fiber Optics
Chapter 10: Resonator Optics
Chapter 11: Statistical Optics
Chapter 12: Photon Optics
Part III — Laser Optics
Chapter 13: Photons and Atoms
Chapter 14: Laser Amplifiers
Chapter 15: Lasers
Part IV — Optoelectronics
Chapter 16: Semiconductor Optics
Chapter 17: Semiconductor Photon Sources
Chapter 18: Semiconductor Photon Detectors
Part V — Lightwave Devices
Chapter 19: Acousto-Optics
Chapter 20: Electro-Optics
Chapter 21: Nonlinear Optics
Chapter 22: Ultrafast Optics
Part VI — Lightwave Systems
Chapter 23: Optical Interconnects and Switches
Chapter 24: Optical Fiber Communications
Optics, Fifth Edition — Worked Exercise Solutions
Foundations
Chapter 1: Prolegomenon
Chapter 2: Wave Motion
Chapter 3: Electromagnetic Theory, Photons, and Light
Chapter 4: The Propagation of Light
Geometrical and wave optics
Chapter 5: Geometrical Optics
Chapter 6: More on Geometrical Optics
Chapter 7: The Superposition of Waves
Chapter 8: Polarization
Interference, imaging, and modern optics
Chapter 9: Interference
Chapter 10: Diffraction
Chapter 11: Fourier Optics
Chapter 12: Basics of Coherence Theory
Chapter 13: Modern Optics: Lasers and Other Topics
Siegman’s Lasers — Worked Exercise Solutions
Basic laser physics
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Lasers
Chapter 2: Stimulated Transitions: The Classical Oscillator Model
Chapter 3: Electric Dipole Transitions in Real Atoms
Chapter 4: Atomic Rate Equations
Chapter 5: The Rabi Frequency
Chapter 6: Laser Pumping and Population Inversion
Chapter 7: Laser Amplification
Chapter 8: More on Laser Amplification
Chapter 9: Linear Pulse Propagation
Chapter 10: Nonlinear Optical Pulse Propagation
Chapter 11: Laser Mirrors and Regenerative Feedback
Chapter 12: Fundamentals of Laser Oscillation
Chapter 13: Oscillation Dynamics and Oscillation Threshold
Optical beams and resonators
Chapter 14: Optical Beams and Resonators: An Introduction
Chapter 15: Ray Optics and Ray Matrices
Chapter 16: Wave Optics and Gaussian Beams
Chapter 17: Physical Properties of Gaussian Beams
Chapter 18: Beam Perturbation and Diffraction
Chapter 19: Stable Two-Mirror Resonators
Chapter 20: Complex Paraxial Wave Optics
Chapter 21: Generalized Paraxial Resonator Theory
Chapter 22: Unstable Optical Resonators
Chapter 23: More on Unstable Resonators
Laser dynamics and advanced topics
Chapter 24: Laser Dynamics: The Laser Cavity Equations
Chapter 25: Laser Spiking and Mode Competition
Chapter 26: Laser Q-Switching
Chapter 27: Active Laser Mode Coupling
Chapter 28: Passive Mode Locking
Chapter 29: Laser Injection Locking
Chapter 30: Hole Burning and Saturation Spectroscopy
Chapter 31: Magnetic-Dipole Transitions
Yariv and Yeh Photonics — Worked Exercise Solutions
Foundations, beams, and resonators
Chapter 1: Electromagnetic Fields and Waves
Chapter 2: Rays and Optical Beams
Chapter 3: Guided Waves in Dielectric Slabs and Fibers
Chapter 4: Optical Resonators
Lasers, modulation, noise, and detection
Chapter 5: Interaction of Radiation and Atomic Systems
Chapter 6: Theory of Laser Oscillation and Laser Systems
Chapter 7: Chromatic Dispersion and Polarization-Mode Dispersion
Chapter 8: Nonlinear Optics
Chapter 9: Electro-optic Modulation of Laser Beams
Chapter 10: Noise in Optical Detection and Generation
Chapter 11: Detection of Optical Radiation
Periodic media, waveguides, fibers, and devices
Chapter 12: Wave Propagation in Periodic Media
Chapter 13: Waveguide Coupling
Chapter 14: Nonlinear Optical Effects in Fibers
Chapter 15: Semiconductor Lasers: Theory and Applications
Chapter 16: Advanced Semiconductor Lasers
Chapter 17: Optical Amplifiers
Chapter 18: Classical Treatment of Quantum Noise and Squeezed States
Introduction to Matrix Methods in Optics — Worked Solutions
Foundations and paraxial systems
Chapter I: Introduction to Matrix Calculations
Chapter II: Matrix Methods in Paraxial Optics
Matrix-Optics Reference Tables
Resonators, polarization, and crystals
Chapter III: Optical Resonators and Laser Beam Propagation
Chapter IV: Matrices in Polarization Optics
Chapter V: Propagation of Light Through Crystals
Appendix exercise
Appendix A: Aperture Properties of Centered Systems
Schaum’s Outline of Optics — Supplementary Problem Solutions
Chapter 1: Wave Motion
The wave equation
Sinusoidal waves
Phase and phase velocity
Complex-number representation
Three-dimensional waves
Chapter 2: Electromagnetic Waves and Photons
Maxwell equations and electromagnetic waves
Index of refraction
Irradiance
Photon energy and momentum
Electromagnetic-photon spectrum
Chapter 3: Reflection and Transmission
Laws of reflection and refraction
Fermat’s principle
Fresnel equations
Critical angle and total internal reflection
Chapter 4: Geometrical Optics
Aspherical refracting surfaces
Spherical refracting surfaces
Thin-lens equation and imagery
Compound thin lenses
Thick lenses
Lens combinations
Planar, aspherical, and spherical mirrors
Chapter 5: Polarization
Plane polarization
Circular polarization
Elliptical polarization
Natural and partially polarized light
Dichroism and Polaroid
Polarization by reflection
Birefringence
Chapter 6: Interference and Coherence
Interference of two waves
Wavefront-splitting interferometers
Amplitude splitting by thin films
Amplitude-splitting interferometers
Coherence
Chapter 7: Diffraction
Radiation from a coherent line source
Fraunhofer diffraction by one and two narrow slits
Multiple narrow slits and diffraction gratings
Rectangular and circular apertures: Fraunhofer diffraction
Fresnel diffraction: circular systems
Fresnel diffraction: straight edges
Chapter 8: Introduction to Fourier Optics
Periodic waves and Fourier series
Fourier transforms
Convolution
KrakenOS Textbook Cross-References
Choose a reference
Optical System Design
Modern Optical Engineering
Introduction to Lens Design
Stray Light Analysis and Control
Modulation Transfer Function
Best route through the five books
Source boundary
How to Write a Worked Solution
1. Identify the exercise
2. Draw and choose conventions
3. List knowns and unknowns
4. Select the governing equation
5. Rearrange before substituting
6. Substitute values with units
7. State and interpret the answer
8. Check the result
Sphinx equation syntax
Template for the next exercise
Worked Example: Image Distance of a Thin Lens
Problem in our own words
What is known
Step 1: Choose the model
Step 2: Rearrange the equation
Step 3: Substitute and calculate
Step 4: Interpret the result
Check 1: Substitute back
Check 2: Estimate physically
Final answer
Try it yourself
KrakenOS
Index
Index